Implications Of Consumer Location Based Services Apps

Implications of consumer location-based services apps Introduction Location based services (LBS) have been on the rise since public access to positioning technologies. These services are increasingly being used on mobile devices. Between 2010 and 2013 mobile internet usage increased 359%, whereas desktop internet usage only increased by 4% (Ju-Young, Johnson, Mee Mun, 2015). LBS create an augmented reality by adding and integrating information to real world experiences (Pedrana, 2014). LBS apps, such as Grindr, Yelp and Foursquare, use the geographic location of their users to provide or augment an activity. Although these consumer and social marketing based apps have benefits such as increased sense of community, access to information†¦show more content†¦The app is not only a way for gay men to have a dating experience, but it also puts members of this community in contact with each other as a place to find help or support. If someone cannot find their place in a gay community in their area, they can turn to Grindr as a way to locate in dividuals. This app brings together overlapping communities, putting people with similar sexualities and locations in contact (Shotwell, 2011). In this regard, it is beneficial to provide specific demographics with LBS apps as a way to create a new space for the community to connect. Although there are benefits to the location-based nature of Grindr, we must remain critical of the privacy issues and social implications of the app. Grindr’s privacy policy states that third parties, such as advertisers and partners, may access user information and that Grindr â€Å"expressly disclaim[s] responsibility for information collected through them† (Grindr, 2015). User information that can be accessed by Grindr and third parties includes names, photos, height, weight, email address and so on. Some may not be bothered by this, but there are serious implications to consider. Legal and social rights need to be considered regarding the collection of personal information, as it can b e used and exploited in many ways (Wilken, 2014). Commercial exploitation can occur by selling personal data, and using to reduce transparency and influence consumers. Yelp Yelp is a mobile app that aims to connect

Explain Why It Is Important to Recognise and Respond to...

Explain why it is important to recognise and respond to concerns about children and young peoples development, give examples 2.2 Childrens and young peoples development is affected by a wide range of factors, their background, health and the environment which they are growing up in all have an impact on their development. It is important to have some understanding of these factors in order to be able to respond and recognise to any concerns that may arise. Children and young people may come from a wide range of different family environments, cultures and circumstances. All these things will affect the opportunities each child receives and the breadth of the experiences they receive. The sooner any changes are spotted in a child†¦show more content†¦A once bright and chatty child may become withdrawn and shy away from adult attention. The child maybe showing signs of aggressive behaviour and/or exhibiting signs of self harm. Abuse can affect a child from infancy through to adolescence and then into adulthood. It can set back a childs physical development, such as a tense mealtime can affect the child’s ability to eat. It can hold backs a childs mental development such as their intelligence and memory and put the child at greater risk of developing mental health problems. Abuse can also affect a child’s emotional development , they may lack the ability to feel and to express a full range of emotions appropriately and/or the ability to control their own emotions. Abuse can also put a child at greater risk of developing one or more behavioural problems such as:- learning difficulties problems with relationships and socialising rebellious behaviour aggressive and violent behaviour anti social behaviour and criminality self isolating behaviour (making people dislike you) negative impulsive behaviour (not caring what happens to you) Example 4 Children and young people may find themselves going through a parental divorce or be part of a single parent family or they may have become part of a step family. They mayShow MoreRelatedCashe Level 2 Essay example18123 Words   |  73 PagesCACHE Qualification Specification CACHE Level 2 Certificate for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE Level 2 Certificate for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF)  © CACHE 2011 Except as allowed by law, or where specified in the text, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the Council for Awards in Care, Health and Education. CACHE has provided this Qualification Specification in MicrosoftRead MoreUnit 201 Supporting Teaching and Learning Level 2 Essay2696 Words   |  11 PagesUnderstanding the Stages of Development of thinking and learning The main stages of Development of thinking and learning for pupils ⠝â€" Cognitive Development â€Å"Gaining knowledge through thought and experience† ⠝â€" Social Development â€Å"How a child learns to live and interact with others† ⠝â€" Emotional Development â€Å"Gaining the ability to understand and cope with emotions and feelings† ⠝â€" Self-esteem/Self Development â€Å"Confidence in oneself andRead MoreTour De Georgia and Young People2789 Words   |  12 PagesLevel 2 Children and Young People’s Workforce CU1510 Contribute to the support of child and young person development Credit value 3 Level 2 GLH 25 [pic] Learner name_______________________ Date started_______________________ Date completed_____________________ Section 1 Be able to contribute to assessments of the development needs of children and young people. 1.2 Identify the different observation methods that you have used in your workplace? 1Read MoreDevelopmental Psychology and National Occupational Standards7627 Words   |  31 Pagesunit for? 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Baby Dumping free essay sample

The increasing cases of outrageous acts of dumping new-born babies and foetuses in Malaysia recently alarming the Malaysian to take serious attention in handling this matter. This research was about teenagers’ perception on baby dumping issue. Out of 7,535 populations at four selected schools at the area of Bakar Arang State Assembly under Sungai Petani Parliamentary, Kedah, 400 students were selected as respondents. In this study, simple random sampling was used. This research used Descriptive Statistic and Pearson Correlation for data analysis purposes. Data were collected from July until October 2010. Three hypotheses were tested and accepted. The result indicates that there were positive relationship between awareness towards consequences of free sex, knowledge on sex education and religious belief towards baby dumping cases. The significant of this study was awareness creation on consequences of having free sex among youngsters as well as parents and school administration and also inclusive of religious bodies/agencies in taking seriously on the impact of this issue towards our social development in global era. Conclusion/Recommendations: The recommendations were made to the parties concerned in this issue in order to find the best solution in curbing this problem. Keywords: Baby dumping, Teen, Awareness, Sex Education, Religious Belief. 1. Introduction Lately, Malaysia is facing a serious issue regarding on baby dumping which getting more chronic and cause a lot of attention. This social problem appears every day in newspaper and mass media. From the period of January until July 2010, public were shocked, appalled, dismayed by the increasing reported cases of abandoned babies, some of whom were found dead. This incident indirectly indicated that something is wrong in our society [1][2][3][4][5]. What is actually the issue of baby dumping? It is not only just dumping new-born babies but also refers to discarding or leaving alone, for an extended period of time, a child younger than 12 months of age in a public or private setting with the intent to dispose of the child. The worse situation of this issue also can be seen when a girl gives birth in a school bathroom at night then throws the baby into the garbage or in the toilet bowl, also when a baby flung in the chicken coop, a baby swaddled in newspapers left squalling by a fly-infested dustbin, a baby abandoned under the harsh sun beating down on a wet rice field, a baby stuffed into a cabinet drawer, a baby left on the doorsteps of peoples home with notes or in a mosque. It is so embarrassing, sad and worst scenario that happened in our society. + Corresponding author. Tel. : +604- 4562519; fax: +604- 4562234 E-mail address: [emailprotected] itm. edu. my. 137 Statistics from the Malaysia Welfare Department for this year, from January to April 2010, reported that 111 unmarried young girls were pregnant. The figure, however, is just the tip of the iceberg as many cases go unreported and pregnancies terminated. It also reported in New Straits Times on 23rd July 2010, the body of a baby girl found in a bag at a bus stop near the Sultan Ismail Hospital, Johor Bahru in the morning. Also there a baby found buried. New Straits Times on 18th July 2010, reported that a fetus was found buried by the roadside in Jalan 12, Bandar Puteri Puchong, Selangor. Baby dumping is not the solution to a life problem and it could be charged under Section 317 of the Penal Code which carries a maximum jail term of seven years or fine or both according to the Malaysian law. For the past few years there are many newborn babies have been found, dead or live in the most unlikely places like rubbish dump. For instance, The Malay Mail on 26 July 2011 [5] reported that a fetus with the umbilical cord intact was found in a garbage can at Pulau Mutiara wholesale market in Jalan Makloom, Penang. This shows clearly that â€Å"baby dumping† is really serious problem that currently happened in our society. 2. Problem Statement Table 1. Statistic of baby dumping cases from the Headquarters of Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM): By State from 2005 until 7 April 2010 Cases of Baby Dumping Reported in Each State from 2005 until 7th April 2010 States Number of cases Selangor 105 Johor 83 Sabah 65 Sarawak 34 Negeri Sembilan 24 Pulau Pinang 22 Perak 19 Pahang 17 Kedah 17 Kelantan 10 Terengganu 5 Melaka 3 Kuala Lumpur 2 Perlis 1 Total 407 Based on Table 1, the statistic from the Headquarters of Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) [6] indicated that there were 407 cases of baby dumping, for the past five years starting from 2005 until 7th April 2010. On average, there are 68 cases every year and these cases keep increasing. While in Figure 1. 2. 1, it shows that, there are 472 babies found dumped nationwide since 2005 until 16th August 2010. In year 2010 alone, it already recorded 65 cases up to 16 August 2010. That is means average 8 cases per month solely in year 2010 and this figure is not included the cases that not reported. According to Federal Criminal Investigation Department (CID) Director Commissioner Datuk Seri Bakri Zinin, this year alone (2010), as at 16 August 2010, 65 dumped babies had been. As compared to 42 cases during the same period last year (2009), there is an increase in these cases [7]. Recently, the Cabinet also informed that there were 21 recorded cases of students who got pregnant out of wedlock between 2006 and 2010. Then, what about the unreported and unrecorded cases? Public belief that the figure more than what we can imagine. After all the shocking incidents proven by the data produced by PDRM and Welfare Department, we found a strong base to do this study. 3. Methods Material A simple random sampling technique was conducted among 400 students (out of total 7535 students) from Form One until Form Six (Upper Six) in secondary schools at the area of Bakar Arang State Assembly under Sungai Petani Parliamentary, Kedah. The schools involved were Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan 138 Ibrahim, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sungai Pasir, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Khir Johari and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bandar Sungai Petani in Sungai Petani, Kedah.

The Refraction of Light Lab Essay Example

The Refraction of Light Lab Paper The results we obtained show that on average, we calculated a sin i over sin R to be 1.34 units. Also we can say that as the angle of incidence increased, the angle of refraction tended to increase proportionally. As the sin of i increased, the sin of R also increased. Below you can see the exact relationship between the sin of the incidence angle (i) versus the sin of the refracted angle (R). To find the slope of the graph we need to can use a gradient formula and 2 points. Taking the first and last points, (.350, .259) and (.985, .743) we get the following:  Slope = y2 y1 = -0.484 = 0.762  x2 x1 = -0.635  Now to find the y-intercept, taking the last point: (.743) = (0.762)(.985) + C  C = -0.00757 or rounded to 0 (3sf)  So our equation for our line looks like this, y = (0.762)x  Percentage error:  Since we are given the refraction index number for water the medium we are using in this experiment, we can obtain a percentage error between the two values. Actual Refractive Index value for water Average sin i / sin R  Actual Refractive Index value for water x 100 =  1.34 1.333  1.333 x100 = 0.53 %  The percentage error in our experiment was a very small 0.53 %  Conclusion:  With regards to my hypothesis, I believe I was correct when saying we would be able to distinctly define a linear relationship between the sin of the incident ray angle and the sin of the refracted ray angle.Not only that, but we were able to obtain a value almost exact to 2 decimal places for the refractive index number of water (our percent error was around half a percent very small indeed). We will write a custom essay sample on The Refraction of Light Lab specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Refraction of Light Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Refraction of Light Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From this, several conjectures can be drawn such as how the textbook refractive values for different mediums were actually found perhaps it was similar to our method but with more trials and better accuracy. Our results agree with my hypothesis due largely to the fact that we were successfully able to determine a precise value for the refractive index of water, and when we plotted our sin i vs. sin R graph, the line made was almost perfectly linear (as it would have been if minor errors were avoided). Evaluation:  The method used in this experiment was indeed very successful and had very few flaws. The only real main weakness of the method was that the angles and scales used were so small that it was at times very hard to be any more accurate than to a whole degree. With regards to the manipulation of data, I would conclude that there was no real major weakness as our data seemed to be almost perfect when compared to the actual figures. Sources of error could have appeared when fiddling with the pins and the lamp during the experimental procedure. The thickness of the ray was not ideal and at times too fat to shine onto one single pin. Also after the ray was refracted, the brightness of the light ray was significantly duller and often very hard to find and trace.  Suggested improvements to the experimental procedure include perhaps using a stronger beam of light (maybe laser) so as to better see the angle of refraction. Likewise, the room in which the experiment is being carried out could be also darker. Further investigations could include observing other mediums. Although in my lab group, we chose to work with water, others were investigating glass, plastic and various oils all of which would give different data and results.

federal emergency relief act essays

federal emergency relief act essays President Roosevelt wanted to give more to the people when he was in office than Hoover did when he was in office. He chose a man named Harry L. Hopkins to help him in succeeding. The goal and purpose of the FERA was to have all of the unemployed be employed again or for the first time. Hopkins was a forty-three-year-old social worker whose colorful, outgoing personality made him very known to the people and press. When congress created the FERA, to help the people, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation provided five hundred million dollars. When the project was underway Roosevelt asked Hopkins to come to Washington to run it. On Hopkins first day of his job, May 22, 1933, before he had an office, he sat out in the hallway and handed out work relief forms. Also, by the end of Hopkins first day on he had pleased himself and several states with grants adding up to about five million dollars. From then on, Hopkins spent the money blindly. The law required that each state set up a lo cal FERA office and raise money through taxes, bond issues, borrowing or any thing else to raise money. Some states like Ohio, and West Virginia refused to make those allegations. Even thought this all happened Hopkins was very committed to satisfying people, he would get comments like I have a suggestion that will benefit the people- in the long run Hopkins would come back with the comment people dont eat in the long run- the eat everyday. A lot of people wanted to work, and were willing to anything just for money to call their own. Its very hard for me to ask for help, said one. I dont want charity. I want work- any kind of work. Ill do work or anything... ...

Physical Therapy Essay examples

Physical Therapy Essay examples Physical Therapy Essay examples Physical Therapy Physical therapists diagnose patients, help patients remove their pain, and increase their mobility. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics website, physical therapists diagnose patients by the way they stand and walk. Also, they perform exercise and use certain equipment to help relieve the patient’s pain. Physical therapists can treat anyone with any sort of condition. Whether it’s a minor condition such as a fracture or a dislocation or a serious condition such as a stroke or a traumatic injury, physical therapists are able to treat it. Most people think all physical therapists work in some sort of hospital, but this is not true. According to the American Physical Therapy Association website, more than eighty percent of physical therapists work in sub-acute facilities, outpatient centers, home health centers, and etc. Some physical therapists do work at hospitals, of course. There are several education requirements to become a physical therapist , as there is for most jobs. In high school, physical therapists should begin to take college preparatory classes such as biology, chemistry, physics, health, and mathematics. Classes to take to improve communication skills are psychology and sociology. Other helpful classes to consider taking are statistics and foreign languages (Physical Therapists). Physical therapists must graduate with a Master’s or Doctoral degree. Postgraduate school is a must for future physical therapists. Suggested classes to take are anatomy, humanities, and therapeutic procedures. Attending a Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) school is the best choice when wanting the best education (Physical Therapists). When looking online for good physical therapy schools, use school rankings as a guideline to pick the best school. It is another good idea to look at all the factors and not just a poll when deciding which college to go to (Top Physical Therapy Schools). The top th ree schools according to Physical therapy Schools Info website are, â€Å"University of Southern California, University of Pittsburgh, and Washington University in St. Louis.† Both the University of Southern California and Washington University have the same criteria, according to the Physical Therapy Pre-Reqs website. They both offer a CAPTE program that lasts three years after taking the first four years of college. There is also a 100 percent employment rate for graduated therapists. Also according to the Physical Therapy Pre-Reqs website, the University of Pittsburgh offers placements in every setting such as geriatrics, sports medicine, and etc. University of Pittsburgh offers a CAPTE program and almost all graduates from this school have passed the national exam. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics website, every state requires physical therapists to have a license. Physical therapists must pass the National Physical Therapy Examination. There are other requirem ents for therapists depending on the state (Licenses). Physical therapists, who are licensed, are required to take classes and go to workshops to keep their license (Other Requirements). The average wage of physical therapists in 2012 was $80, 889. The wage depends on the location in which a therapist works (Earnings and Advancement). It also depends on the location in which the therapist works (Salaries). According to the Coin Career library, salaries are higher in rural areas because of the shortage of therapists in those areas. According to the Coin Career Library, in 2010, there were about 199, 000 employed physical therapists

Week 4 Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Week 4 Discussion Questions - Essay Example Leadership is an important element in strategy implementation because it provides the vision, the direction, and the emotional impetus to achieve tactical goals. Without it, strategy is naught. An example of a CEO’s key role in strategy implementation may be represented in the case of Cofidis headed by Michel Guillois. When Cofidis was facing stiff competition from web based companies, Michel Guillois guided it through the transition from a primarily direct marketing business to a broad range web marketed enterprise. Furthermore, Michel Guillois leadership style helped negotiate the issues presented in the tactical implementation of the strategy by competitors, cross-culturalism, and unpaid accounts. Thus, leadership is an important element of strategy implementation. Next, under what conditions would it be more appropriate to fill a key management position with someone from outside the firm when a qualified insider is available? There are at least two situations in which this may be appropriate. The first is when all the qualified people in house are needed elsewhere. For example, say Cofidis has the skills to implement a new website full of all of the features necessary to address the current tactical challenges, but those managers skilled in web development are engaged in a data migration project. It might be more feasible for Cofidis to hire from outside than to divert resources in house. Another example is when hiring from outside ads additional benefits. Say where Cofidis is engaging increasingly in web marketing, it may be more cost effective to hire an advertising manager than to have an information systems professional do double duty. Furthermore, it may bring added insights and innovations of the new blood. These are just two of many po ssible reasons a company may want to hire management from the outside even if the skills are present in house. Last, what has gone well and not so well so far in this class? What areas do we

Solutions and Approaches to Bullying in School and Online Research Paper

Solutions and Approaches to Bullying in School and Online - Research Paper Example Gay and lesbian youths are often targeted by straight youths who remain either uneducated about the biological implications of sexual orientation or due to personal bias against homosexual peers. However, there is also the phenomenon of bullying youths that simply do not fit the social norms related to gender role or gender identity, creating verbal and physical assaults when called effeminate or inappropriately masculine (when pertaining to female victims). A recent study involving 251 students identified that 48 percent of the sample had been bullied, with the aggressors calling the youths gay whether they actually fit the label of homosexual (Swearer, Turner, Givens & Pollack, 2008). Particularly true with male students, there is a widespread fear for those that are either gay or just decide not to conform to social norms related to gender role that they will be ostracized as effeminate or improperly homosexual. These verbal or physical assaults create internal havoc in terms of i dentify formation and can create long-term self-esteem problems. Bullying also is produced due to the environment in which students learn. Brendtro & Mitchell (2010) identify that the style of educator leadership in the classroom also plays a significant role in the presence of peer bullying in the middle school environment. The authors indicate that authoritarian leaders, those who do not seek youth input in classroom decision-making, create higher levels of aggression in students. What the authors refer to as laissaz-faire leadership, those who are highly liberal in which there is little authoritarian structure, create long-term chaotic and unproductive environments for learning and socialization (Brendtro & Mitchell). On either end of the educator profile spectrum, lack of structure or... This paper declares that bullying also occurs due to sexual orientation, an inherent biological process. Gay and lesbian youths are often targeted by straight youths who remain either uneducated about the biological implications of sexual orientation or due to personal bias against homosexual peers. However, there is also the phenomenon of bullying youths that simply do not fit the social norms related to gender role or gender identity, creating verbal and physical assaults when called effeminate or inappropriately masculine. A recent study involving 251 students identified that 48 percent of the sample had been bullied, with the aggressors calling the youths gay whether they actually fit the label of homosexual. This essay stresses that bullying also is produced due to the environment in which students learn. The style of educator leadership in the classroom also plays a significant role in the presence of peer bullying in the middle school environment. The authors indicate that authoritarian leaders, those who do not seek youth input in classroom decision-making, create higher levels of aggression in students. What the authors refer to as laissaz-faire leadership, those who are highly liberal in which there is little authoritarian structure, create long-term chaotic and unproductive environments for learning and socialization. Youths should be informed that late development is a common situation and provide examples of their own feelings of inadequacy that were formed during their own sexual development.

Crocker on Ethnocentrism Essay Example for Free

Crocker on Ethnocentrism Essay David A. Crocker asks the question of who should be tasked with the development of moral ethics on a global level, especially in regions where ethical thought is relatively shallow. If there was one way he would answer this question, he would state that a combination of insider and outsider ethicists would find the best and culturally sensitive form of morality for particular cultures. For this to have any meaning however, a description is required for both insider and outsider. An insider, as termed by Crocker, is one who is counted, recognized, or accepted by himself/herself and the other group members, as belonging to the group (Crocker, 29). In regards to ethical thought of the group, Crocker outlines several advantages and disadvantages of being a predominant insider. When a development ethicist is an insider of a group they understand their past, present, and goals when it comes to moral thought, and can therefore help the group to develop (with ease on the topic of communication) in the most beneficial ways foreseeable in tandem with their beliefs. Along the lines of communication of an insider, they have a foundation from which to criticize and rebuke negative actions of a group because of their familiarity with said groups customs and beliefs. However, insiders do not come without inhibitions as well. Insiders may become so immersed in their society and its customs that they are unable to expand their own, and their societys horizon on the topic of moral thought. Crocker argues that because of the familiarity of the culture, an insider may be blind to factors that define a culture in an existential manner, Like a f ish unaware of the water in which it continually swims (Crocker, 33). In essence, an insider has an easy time familiarizing with their culture, but may have trouble assessing the culture from an unbiased manner. Outsiders are the direct opposite to an insider meaning they do not have a recognition or acceptance of the culture, or themselves within that culture. An outsider can be beneficial to a social group in the way the outsider can  assess the culture in an unbiased manner, and with this perspective, outsider-ethicist strengths are the mirror image of an insider-ethicist weaknesses and therefore the outsider is able to give insight on the things the culture may be unaware of (Crocker, 35). Outsiders are also able to bring out new ideas to a group based on their own culture, ideas the culture in assessment may not have even considered. The last advantage of an outsider is that they are not bound by the insiders commitments to the group or status quo, and can therefore say things, or criticize things that a member of the group would not. Being an o utsider has a list of negative attributes as well. Outsiders do not have the same familiarity with the customs of the group and how certain actions affect them, and Crocker argues that these key understandings are relevant for progressive social change (Crocker, 34). Outsiders who come from a more developed region and culture tend to put more trust in their own ideas and disregard the ingenuity of the group under assessment. In the long term, the groups that have an outsider ethicist may become dependent upon them for ideas, and thereby never becoming able to express their own ideas, and their own norms become weakened. David Crocker explains ethnocentrism as having 2 main concerns. The first he describes as being a habitual disposition to judge foreign peoples or groups by the standards and practices of ones own culture or ethnic group, and the second is described as the tendency toward viewing alien cultures with disfavor and a resulting sense of inherent superiority (Crocker, 27). Crockers accounts of insiders and outsiders do answer some of the concerns raised by ethnocentrism. Not one, nor the other is predominantly to blame for ethnocentrism, rather both insiders and outsiders demonstrate these negative aspects. Insiders can reject any advice from an outsider with the existence of an a priori that gives the insider the notion that nothing can be learned from an outsider. Outsiders exhibit ethnocentrism in the way they give more credit to the ideas of their own culture because it is often socio-economically more developed. Ethnocentrism in cross-culture assessment and dialogue, Crocker states, can be diminished by things like achievement of more equality between various centres and their corresponding peripheries, the recognition of dangers peculiar to insiders and outsiders, respectively, and the promotion of appropriate kinds of insider/outsider combinations in  development ethicists (Crocker, 35). Essentially an equilibrium in insider and outsider ethicists. This is how he answers his question of whom is responsible for ethical thought, the correct combination of insider and outsider ethicists. Bibliography Koggel, Christine M.. David A. Crocker.Moral issues in global perspective. Volume II: Human Diversity and Equality ed. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2006. 27-35. Print.

Blessing in Disguise :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolescence is a period in life where one makes mistakes and learns from them. However, most mistakes have consequences and repercussions. At the age of 17, my parents decided to move the entire family back to our homeland, Dominican Republic, after discovering that my sister and I had been â€Å"borrowing† their car while they slept and driving it without driver licenses. After the initial shock and resentment wore off, I realized that moving to Dominican Republic was the best thing that ever happened for three major reasons: I grew closer to my one and only sister, my grades improved, and I became more independent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin, I grew closer to my one and only sister for a few reasons. For instance, we attended the same school in Dominican Republic as opposed to when we were in Miami. Secondly, since we were both experiencing the same emotions, we were able to comfort each other. Third, having a mutual goal of moving back to Miami on our own made us more than sisters, it made us partners in crime. To this day, our relationship keeps going strong and we are closer than ever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition, my grades improved. Before we left Miami, I had just barely passed 11th grade, and was looking at a rough senior year. Since the private high school my parents enrolled me in had a different format than my old school, my chances of graduating on time increased. Also, there was less distraction, and I was actually turning my work in by its due date. Last, I became much more interested in college and my future. This was a huge change from the girl whose last thought was a college education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, I became more independent. I realized that in order to make it on my own, I needed to grow up. With the help of my parents, I learned to cook and clean. One can only eat junk food for so long before you start missing a real, homemade meal. Next, I got a job and started budgeting for my upcoming move. I also made living arrangements for both my sister and I in Miami, as well as, research what type of employment was available for high school graduates.

Sample Literary Research Paper

Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, best known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, has written many novels, poems, and short stories in his lifetime but his most famous for his children's â€Å"nonsense† novels: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and the sequel Through the Looking Glass. His works, especially the two mentioned, have influenced countless readers over the years, and references to his writings can be found in every type of media from the song â€Å"White Rabbit† by Jefferson Airplane to the the Matrix trilogy. While both books are intended for a child's entertainment, they are full of symbolism and hidden critique. His clever wordplay, use of logic and reasoning, and incredible imagination are all trademarks of his style of writing, which is often referred to as â€Å"literary nonsense. † To readers with little experience with Carroll's work, this term seems to perfectly describe Carroll's confusing and often rambling style, but when more thoroughly inspected, it becomes obvious that this â€Å"nonsense† has a far deeper meaning. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is about a young girl, Alice, who gets bored doing her multiplication tables one day and follows a white rabbit into a hole. Through this hole, she ends up falling into Wonderland, a place where there are potions and foods that can change the drinker's size, a tea party thrown by a Mad Hatter and a March Hare, and a Caucus-race that everybody wins. As Alice journeys through Wonderland she meets stranger and stranger, or, as she says, â€Å"'Curiouser and curiouser! ‘† (15), characters such as a hookah-smoking caterpillar sitting on a mushroom and a grinning Cheshire Cat who is not all there all the time: â€Å"'Well I've often seen a cat without a grin,' thought Alice; ‘but a grin without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever saw in all my life! ‘† (94). She runs into three gardeners who are painting the Queen of Hearts' roses from white to red so she will not cut their heads off. Alice and the Queen play a game of croquet in which the mallets are live flamingos and the balls are hedgehogs until the Queen eventually orders the beheading of everyone but Alice, the King, and herself. The book ends with Alice discovering that the whole experience was a dream from falling asleep while doing her multiplication. The story itself became much more popular upon the release of the Disney animated version. Many parts of this movie, however, were not originally found in the book but are instead found in its sequel. Through The Looking Glass is very similar to Alice's other journey, but this time she steps through her mirror, also known as a looking glass, and finds herself on a giant chess board inhabited by the Red and White chess pieces from the set in her room. When she asks the Red Queen if she can play, she is told she can take the place of a white pawn and start on the second square and will become a queen if she reaches the eighth. She eventually meets Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum who tell her the poem â€Å"The Walrus and the Carpenter. † She later meets Humpty Dumpty who tells her that he can make words mean whatever he wants and then proceeds to explain to her the meaning of the poem â€Å"Jabberwocky. † Alice is then taken prisoner by a Red Knight and later rescued by a White Knight, both of whom keep falling off their horses, and guided safely to the eighth square where she is made a queen and invited to the Red and White Queen's nonsensical dinner party, after which she once again wakes up and realizes that the whole thing was just a dream. The poem â€Å"The Walrus and The Carpenter† from Through the Looking Glass is a classic tale narrated by Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum about a walrus and a carpenter who, while strolling down the beach one sunny night, convince a large bunch of oysters to take a walk with them: â€Å"Their shoes were clean and neat-/ And this was odd, because, you know,/ They hadn't any feet† (74-75). After much talk of whimsical nonsense, the walrus and the carpenter eat the unsuspecting oysters. There are many speculations on what the symbolism behind this poem actually is, but one theory, addressed in the movie Dogma, suggests that it is about religions tricking their followers. According to this theory, the walrus represents Eastern religions as either Buddha or Ganesha, while the carpenter represents Jesus and all Western religions. The two of them trick the helpless oysters, representing the innocent masses, with their words and then use them for their own gain, which in this case is as food. Many argue that this is not the true meaning behind the poem since Carroll was also an Anglican clergyman, but it is also noted that he was pushed towards his clergy position by his father and eventually grew to dislike the whole of the Anglican Church. The true meaning of the poem may never be known since Carroll never told anyone, and it was one of many things left unexplained in his diaries. â€Å"Jabberwocky† is yet another famous poem from Through the Looking Glass, containing many of the characteristics that earned Carroll's works the title â€Å"literary nonsense. This poem is first read by Alice when she holds the book containing it up to her mirror, and the first stanza is later told by her to Humpty Dumpty when he claims to be able to explain any poem ever invented and a good many that haven't been invented yet. â€Å"Jabberwocky† is about a boy who is warned by his father to beware the Jabberwock, a great beast with jaws that bite and claws that catch, and s o takes his vorpal sword and seeks the beast. When they meet, the boy slays the monster and takes its head back to his father to receive his praise. Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice that many of the words in the poem are portmanteaus, or words with two meanings packed into them. For instance, â€Å"slithy† means both â€Å"lithe† and â€Å"slimy,† while â€Å"mimsy† is â€Å"flimsy† and â€Å"miserable† at the same time. He also clears up the rest of the nonsense words in this poem such as â€Å"outgribing,† which he says is something between bellowing and whistling with a sneeze in the middle. The first stanza goes: â€Å"Twas brillig, and the slithy toves / Did gyre and gimble in the wabe / All mimsy were the borogoves / And the mome raths outgrabe† (126). As Humpty explains it to Alice, this loosely translates to, It was four in the afternoon and the slithy toves, a mix between a badger, a lizard, and a corkscrew, went round and round the grass-plot of a sundial until they had worn holes in the ground. The borogoves, thin, shabby birds with their feathers sticking out, were mimsy and the mome raths, sorts of green pigs that lost their way, outgribed. This style of making up words to describe altogether new concepts or creatures as he pictured them has been compared to that of Dr. Seuss: it provides entertainment to children who laugh at these nonsense words, while at the same time has its own meaning when explained. Lewis Carroll had a writing style unlike any seen before his time. His â€Å"literary nonsense† has provided entertainment for countless children, while amusing and stimulating the minds of adults at the same time. While many of the characters and events in Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass are known or debated symbols or references to something else, their true meanings could only ever be understood by Carroll himself.

Goodwill Impairment Testing Essay

Galaxy Sports Inc. (Galaxy), a U.S.-based manufacturer of sports equipment, is a calendar year-end SEC registrant with one operating segment and the following three reporting units: Fitness Equipment. Golf Equipment. Hockey Equipment. Galaxy is in a competitive industry with several publicly traded companies in which growth and profitability are tied to the market and consumer demand Three reporting units are appropriate because discrete financial information is available for each component, each component is a business, and each component is managed separately. The Fitness Equipment component is Galaxy’s largest reporting unit. Over the years, various acquisitions have resulted in recorded goodwill of $200 million assigned entirely to this reporting unit. The Golf Equipment component is a large golf equipment manufacturer that was acquired in 2004. Upon acquisition of the business, Galaxy recorded $130 million of goodwill that was assigned entirely to this reporting unit. The Hockey Equipment component is a small hockey equipment manufacturer acquired in 2003 to gain entry into the very profitable hockey equipment market. Galaxy recorded $30 million of goodwill related to this acquisition, which was assigned entirely to this reporting unit. Galaxy has elected an annual goodwill impairment testing date of December 31 for all three reporting units. In December 2010, Galaxy management engaged Big Time LLC (Big Time), a reputable external valuation firm, to perform three annual ASC 350, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other, impairment analyses (one for each reporting unit) on the $360 million of goodwill recorded by Galaxy as of December 31, 2010. Previously, management had performed the annual goodwill impairment analysis internally. However, given the increasing complexities involved in the calculation and resource constraints at Galaxy, the company decided to use a third party. Through early discussions with Galaxy’s management and Big Time, it was expected that the entity was going to pass step 1 of the goodwill analysis for all three reporting units with a significant cushion (i.e., the estimated fair value of each reporting unit significantly exceeded the book value) for each reporting unit. This was also consistent with the goodwill analysis that was performed internally by Galaxy in the previous year. Copyright 2009 Deloitte Development LLC All Rights Reserved. Case 11-9: Goodwill Impairment T esting Galaxy management indicated that the significant cushion was likely because 2010 Q4 sales were very strong, and strong sales were also expected for 2011and beyond. Big Time completed its analysis in late January 2011 and, as expected, Galaxy passed step 1 of the annual goodwill impairment test for each reporting unit. Galaxy’s common share price was $56.75 as of December 31, 2010. Note: As of December 31, 2010, Galaxy’s share price was $56.75 and 46 million shares were outstanding, indicating a market capitalization of $2.6 billion. The implied control premium of 18 percent is viewed by management as reasonable. First Quarter of 2011 Management released Q1 earnings, which were slightly below expectations. In a Q1 press release, Galaxy attributed the lower earnings to the slowing economy and reduced consumer spending on recreational activities. Galaxy’s common share price fell to $49.25 after the release of Q1 earnings. Second Quarter of 2011 Management released Q2 earnings on July 15, 2011. As in Q1, Q2 earnings were also below expectations because the slowing economy resulted in continuing reductions in consumer spending. In Galaxy’s press release, management discussed the impact of the slowing economy on its business. Further, the company experienced additional pressure on its sales during the quarter as a result of an increase in sports equipment manufactured in China that was being sold at large discount retailers. The equipment has a lower price point, which is appealing to consumers during difficult economic times. Historically, Galaxy has not experienced significant competition from imports because the quality of the imports is inferior to the quality of the sports equipment manufactured by Galaxy. Galaxy’s common share price fell to $45.25. Third Quarter of 2011 During the financial close process, management considered performing an  interim goodwill impairment test but, after reviewing ASC 350, determined it was not necessary. Copyright 2009 Deloitte Development LLC All Rights Reserved. Case 11-9: Goodwill Impairment T esting Page 3 Management released earnings on October 15, 2011, and indicated that although Q3 earnings were significantly below expectations because of a continued slowing economy and reduced consumer spending, revenue would rebound in Q4 as retailers stocked up for the holiday shopping season. Historically, Q4 has been the strongest quarter for Galaxy with Q4 sales representing more than 50 percent of the company’s annual sales. Galaxy’s common share price fell to $31.50 after the earnings release. On September 15, 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-08, Testing Goodwill for Impairment, which amends the guidance in ASC 350-202 on testing goodwill for impairment. Under the revised guidance, entities testing goodwill for impairment have the option of performing a qualitative assessment before calculating the fair value of the reporting unit (i.e., step 1 of the goodwill impairment test). The carryforward option permitted in ASC 350-20-35-29 was removed. The amendments are effective for an nual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2011. Early adoption is permitted; however, Galaxy elected NOT to early adopt this guidance when performing their annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2011. Year-End 2011 As Galaxy prepared for its annual goodwill impairment test, management determined that (1) assets and liabilities of the Fitness Equipment and Hockey Equipment reporting units had not significantly changed, (2) the most recent fair value determinations (the 2010 analysis prepared by Big Time) for both reporting units resulted in an amount that exceeded the carrying amounts by substantial margins, and (3) on the basis of its analyses, there  have been no significant events or circumstances that would cause the fair value to fall below book value for both reporting units. As a result, management decided to carry forward the prior-year step 1 analyses for the Fitness Equipment and Hockey Equipment reporting units. Management believed that ASC 350 supported its determination to carry forward these analyses. For the Golf Equipment reporting unit, management used the analysis created by Big Time last year and updated it as of December 31, 2011, by using the same growth rate and discount rate as in the prior year. On the basis of this updated analysis, management concluded that the Golf Equipment reporting unit passed step 1. A summary of Galaxy’s 2011 annual goodwill impairment test follows: * We have elected to carry forward the fair value as of December 31, 2010. Note: On December 31, 2011, Galaxy’s share price was $27.50 and 50 million shares were outstanding, indicating a market capitalization of $1.375 billion. We firmly believe that the reporting unit fair values represent management’s view of the company’s business and expectations. The market has undervalued the company’s stock. Accordingly, the implied control premium of 120 percent is viewed by management as reasonable given the overall market climate. Galaxy released year-end earnings on January 25, 2012. On the basis of the annual earnings release and the lack of an expected Q4 rebound, Galaxy’s common share price fell even further, from $27.50 on December 31, 2011, to $21.25 after the earnings release. Galaxy filed its December 31, 2011, Form 10-K on February 10, 2012. Required: Should management have performed an interim goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2011? Assume no interim test is required. Was management justified in carrying forward the prior-year goodwill impairment test for the Fitness Equipment and Hockey Equipment reporting units?

Hamlet Essays (3814 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays

Hamlet Essays (3814 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays Hamlet The first part of this scene, between Polonius and Reynaldo, is not necessary to the plot of the play, and is often cut from performances. That's a shame, because it's lots of fun. Polonius thinks he is very wise, and Reynaldo, a sort of superior butler, knows otherwise. Polonius is sending money and notes (maybe more advice) to his son, Laertes, but he's suspicious about what Laertes might be up to. He seems to assume that if Laertes is fooling around, he will lie about it, so Polonius has a plan. His fetch of wit (2.1.38) is for Reynaldo to find some friends of Laertes, and say certain things about him, such as he's very wild, and see what the friends say. (Later, Hamlet, in trying to discover if the King is really guilty of murder, will use a similar device to discover the truth: He'll watch the King's reactions while something like the murder of King Hamlet is shown in a play.) Polonius is quite proud of his plan, because, as he says, Thus do we of wisdom and of reach, / With windlasses and with assays of bias, / By indirections find directions out (2.1.61-63). Of course, when Polonius mentions we of wisdom and of reach, he's thinking of himself, despite the fact that he takes too long to say all of this, forgets what he's saying, and contradicts himself. Reynaldo politely tolerates all of this, and goes about his business. Exit Reynaldo. Enter Ophelia: Just as Reynaldo leaves, Ophelia comes rushing in, badly frightened. Without warning, Hamlet has come into her closet (i.e., her study or sewing-room), seized her wrist, stared at her, sighed, and gone back out, all without saying a word. His clothes were unlaced and unbuttoned, and he had a look so piteous in purport / As if he had been loosed out of hell / To speak of horrors (2.1.79-81). It's interesting and puzzling that she should describe him very much as the Ghost might be described. However, Polonius isn't puzzled. He immediately jumps to the conclusion that This is the very ecstasy of love (2.1.99). He says that he is sorry he misjudged Hamlet, but he is most interested in rushing off to tell the King. Polonius' exit lines, This must be known; which, being kept close, might move / More grief to hide than hate to utter love (2.1.115-116), are not the clearest that Shakespeare ever wrote, but they need to be considered carefully. He apparently means that if he doesn't tell the King that Hamlet is crazy because Ophelia dumped him, there will be more trouble than if he does tell. This implies or assumes a couple of things. First, the King is very interested in finding out what is wrong with Hamlet. And, since this is the first time we've seen any sign of the antic disposition that Hamlet said he might put on, we may assume that the King hasn't seen any sign of it, either. Therefore, the antic disposition is probably not the reason for the King's interest in Hamlet's state of mind. We can guess that Claudius sees Hamlet as a potential political rival, and that Claudius senses danger in Hamlet's continued mourning for his father. Second, the phrase hate to utter love means that Claudius will hate to hear that the daughter of his close advisor has a relationship with Hamlet. This might lead us to guess that Polonius' realthough unstatedreason for putting a stop to the relationship was to make sure that he was on the right side: the King's. Summary of Act 2, Scene 2: The King tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to investigate Hamlet's madness . . . Polonius's theory of Hamlet's madness . . . Polonius examines Hamlet . . . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern examine Hamlet . . . The players arrive . . . Hamlet's second soliloquy. Enter King and Queen, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. King: Welcome, dear Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (2.2.1). Exeunt Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Enter Polonius. Polonius: I have found / The very cause of Hamlet's lunacy (2.2.48-49). Enter Ambassadors [Voltemand and Cornelius]. King: Well, we shall sift him (2.2.58). Exeunt Ambassadors [Voltemand and Cornelius]. Polonius: My liege, and madam, to expostulate (2.2.86). Enter Hamlet.

Preventing Pet Theft for Cruel Purposes

Preventing Pet Theft for Cruel Purposes Organized pet thieves steal cats and dogs for two main purposes- to use as bait in dogfighting and to sell to laboratories through B dealers. Because pet theft is illegal, it is difficult to estimate the number of animals involved, but it is believed to be in the tens of thousands annually. How Are Cats and Dogs Stolen? Cats and dogs can be stolen from front yards, backyards, cars, streets, or sidewalks when the guardian goes into a store and leaves the dog tied up outside. Another popular way to steal cats and dogs is to answer free to a good home ads. The thief answers the ad, pretending to want to adopt the animal. Later, the animal is sold to a laboratory or used as bait in dogfighting. To prevent pet theft and for other reasons, it is important to always charge an adoption fee and to never give an animal away to a stranger for free. Even though the animal was given away for free, obtaining the animal in this way, under false pretenses, can be considered theft by deception which is a crime. B Dealers - Selling Animals to Laboratories B Dealers are animal dealers licensed under the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C.  §2131) to sell dogs and cats commercially, including to laboratories. The regulations adopted under the AWA can be found at 9 C.F.R. 1.1, where Class B Licensee is defined as a dealer whose business includes the purchase and/or resale of any animal. This term includes brokers, and operators of an auction sale, as such individuals negotiate or arrange for the purchase, sale, or transport of animals in commerce. Class A Licensees are breeders, while Class C Licensees are exhibitors. B dealers are random source dealers who do not breed animals themselves. To prevent fraud and pet theft, B dealers are allowed to obtain dogs and cats only from other licensed dealers and from animal pounds or shelters. Under 9 C.F.R.  § 2.132, B dealers are not allowed to obtained animals by use of false pretenses, misrepresentation, or deception. B dealers are required to maintain accurate and complete records, including records on [h]ow, where from whom, and when the dog or cat was obtained. B dealers often work with bunchers who do the actual stealing in a pet theft ring. Despite federal regulations and record-keeping requirements, pet theft rings regularly steal animals in various ways and resell them to laboratories. Records are easily falsified, and animals are often transported across state lines to minimize the chances of someone finding their stolen pet. The American Anti-Vivisection Society lists B dealers and their Animal Welfare Act violations. In one notorious case, B dealer C.C. Baird lost his license and was fined $262,700, as a result of an investigation by Last Chance for Animals. LCA is the leading organization in the U.S. raising awareness about B dealers. The USDA maintains a list of licensed B dealers, organized by state. Keep in mind that not all B dealers sell stolen animals to laboratories, and most sell animals as part of the legal animal trade. Bait Animals for Dogfighting Cats, dogs and  even rabbits can be stolen and used as bait in dogfighting. In a dogfight, two dogs are put together in an enclosure and fight to the death or until one can no longer continue. Audience members bet on the outcome, and thousands of dollars can change hands at a single dogfight. Dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states but is thriving among both professional dogfighters and thrill-seeking teenagers. The bait animals are used to test or train a dog to be as vicious and aggressive as possible. What You Can Do The Pet Safety and Protection Act of 2011, H.R. 2256, would prohibit B dealers from selling animals for use in research. LCA urges everyone to contact their federal legislators, in support of the bill. You can look up your representative on the House of Representatives website, while your senators can be found on the official Senate website. Find out more about the bill from the LCA website. To prevent pet theft, microchip your animals and never leave your animal unattended outside. This is common sense protection not only from pet theft but also from predators, exposure, and other threats. You can learn more about pet theft and B dealers from Last Chance for Animals, including more ways to fight pet theft by B dealers. Pet Theft and Animal Rights From an animal rights standpoint, pet theft is a tragedy, but using any animal for dogfighting or for vivisection violates the animals rights, regardless of whether the animal was stolen or used to be a pet.

Success with Agile Project Management in General Dynamics Case Study

Success with Agile Project Management in General Dynamics - Case Study Example As Stapleton (2003) notes, the reason why DSDM agile framework was adopted is not only because of their reputation for high quality delivery projects, but also because of the sensitivity of the project. In addition, DSDM have been proved for their MoSCoW approach, which has been applied and yielded success in past projects. In addition, DSDM is known for their iterative and incremental approaches that are a great determinant of success in agile projects (Stapleton, 2003). The Ministry also chose this agile framework because of its earlier project management experiences where there was budget overrun, time constraints and lesser successes (General Dynamics, 2010). In addition, the ministry needed a technically complex project, and this could definitely not have been achieved by employing the traditional project management approaches. The other reason that saw DSDM being contracted for the project was due to its ability to stick to its principles that guide its success, and the ability of this agile framework to bridge the gap between prime contractors and customers to a successful integrated project. The main problems that the project team tried to solve were schedule deadlines, costs and technical applications of the project. The ministry of Defense saw the dire need for up-to-date technological applications that would help reduce cases of mistaken identity in the heat of the battle, and this would be achieved through the Combat Identifications Server (CIdS) Technology Project (TDP) (General Dynamics, 2010). These problems could not be adequately addressed through the traditional model. To address the problems, the agile framework adopted some of its most basic and well known techniques. DSDM is known for applying eight basic principles that are guidelines that lay the foundation for the success of the framework (Layton, 2012). These techniques are a focus on what the business needs, timely delivery, collaboration, and un-compromised

Developing Marketing Communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developing Marketing Communication - Coursework Example The flagship concept of marketing involves the communication and product promotion for products considered top of the art used to drive sales in international markets (Samsung Mobile, 2014). Using marketing concepts and theories such as the theory of the firm, marketing mix, and retention marketing mix, this paper seeks to analyze SE’s use of GUC as a product promotion campaign. In addition, the applicability of the media and promotion tools is assessed and compared with theoretical best practice. For instance, using the theory of the firm, it is considered best practice for companies to mitigate their spending and increase returns such that product promotion is both beneficial to the company and directly influencing sales positively (Luo, & Donthu, 2006). The paper concludes with recommendations regarding areas in product promotion where Samsung should adapt different or improve on the current approach. For instance, international campaigns featuring products that do not make it to the international market burden promotional campaigns with extra costs. Samsung Electronics (SE), is a technology company that competes in the mainstream international smartphone industry. To address the threat of surging sales following the entry of alternative cheaper phones such as Xiaomi Note targeting the Chinese market, Samsung developed the GUC to familiarize customers with the ‘Next Big Thing’ (Extreme Tech, 2014). Samsung trades all its flagship smartphones with the tagline, ‘The Next Big Thing’ which serves the purpose of communicating to customers about the currently released premium products (Samsung Mobile, 2014). SE’s 2014-GUC makes use the DRIP (Different, Reinforce, Inform, and Persuade) Model aiming at: In SE, GUC targets the international middle-to-upper class customers (Extreme Tech, 2014). Although Samsung products are sizably cheaper than those of competitors such as Apple, the company’s

Athenian Proxeny Decree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Athenian Proxeny Decree - Essay Example Whatever the authorities and the Greek leaders have in mind in the granting and institution of proxenia is the concern of this paper. The researcher shall attempt to make a comprehensive discussion of what the word really means. It shall trace its origin and the significance of its institution in the history and the struggle of Athens as an imperialist empire. Specifically, this paper shall deal with the political implication of the word by answering the following questions: (1) How did proxenia help to articulate the relations between Athens and her allies (2) How do the extant proxeny decrees enhance our understanding of proxenia And (3) What specific problems of interpretation do the epigraphically attested proxeny decrees present This paper is a significant study as it shall provide the students better understanding of what proxenos means. It also provides understanding of the significance of proxeny decrees and the impact of such to the early societies of Athens and its allies. The rationale of the proxeny decrees shall be unraveled which provides the researcher rich understanding as regards to what Athens want to achieve from its allies for the good of its people and for the great elader of Athens. Most importantly this study is significant to the society as it shall be able to provide some theories that other researchers can use in conducting deeper studies not only of Athenian Proxeny decrees but on the political and cultural life of the Athenians. Proxenia in the Articulation of Athens Relations with her Allies As Athens rose to its imperialistic power it was necessary to hold on to many of its allies. It needed to make peace with different nations such that of Persia. It needed to make Sparta recognize the 30 years of peace. It needed to establish alliances to different countries in order to win several wars. Athens implemented policies that could not only reform its own cities but it also made changes on policies concerning their foreign activities however, these provoked war and affected many of its intimate allies as they were called to fight and play their roles in the battles. Athens at that point needed to have people who would be more concerned in establishing good relationship with other nations. Proxeny decrees were found out for instance to have entered into by several nations to be come allies of the Athenian empire. Athens created and imposed several proxeny decrees creating the proxenos and granting such individuals several privileges making sure that they would serve Athenian empire with utmost loyalty. Having served for the glory of the Athenian empire proxeny decrees were later established to honor and grant privileges to these foreign benefactors. Oaths of allegiance were also imposed on defeated allies. As regards to their enemies and allies that turned against the Athenian empire proxy decrees were also imposed depriving them of opportunities for better political and economic standing. Mattingly (1996) described explicitly in his book the plight of Chios that remained "autonomous" ally of the Athenian empire but when they begun to build a new wall that brought suspicions to the powerful Athenian empire, they were told to put down the wall to which they complied with

Role and Functions of Law Essay Example for Free

Role and Functions of Law Essay The role of law functions in everyday business transactions and the surrounding societies. Melvin (2011) stated, â€Å"Law is a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority and having legal binding force† (p. 4). Role of law in a business and society are the same however can impact businesses differently. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group are compliant with many state and federal laws. Functions of Law Legal terms are often referred to as jargon or legalese. Law creates duties, obligations and rights that reflect accepted views of society. The U.S. Constitution includes the preamble, seven articles, and 27 amendments. The function of law is to establish a structure of federal government to settle disputes by establishing rules. Separating of powers to maintain the order and resolve disputes, and protecting the liberties and the rights of the people. Most of the U.S. laws are set forth by the first three articles in the U.S Constitution containing the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. Role of Law in Business and Society The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is an example of a recent role of law for public companies performing business. The main purpose of this act is to prevent fraudulent business activity. Internal controls established so one employee, who receives a bill and enters the invoice, should not be the same employee creating the check, signing it and mailing it out. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act passed as a law due to the scandals at Enron and WorldCom. These companies both filed bankruptcy, as they revealed that their financial reports were fraudulent. The function of law in society is to protect the liberty of the people. In chapter 2, case 2.1 Cipollone v. Liggett Group Inc. Cipollone filed suit against Liggett  violation of New Jersey consumer protections statutes. Melvin (2011) stated, â€Å"Congress’s broadest power is derived from the Commerce Clause whereby Congress is given the power to â€Å"regulate Commerce amount the several states† (p. 33). â€Å"Article VI of the U.S. Constitution provides that the laws of United States shall be the supreme Law of Land. Thus [†¦] it has been settled that state law that conflicts with federal law is ‘without effect.’ [†¦]† (Melvin, 2011). In this case, the state law was preempted as it conflicted with the federal law, therefore, dismissed. Cipollone’s mother had used Liggett’s products and passed away. Liggett was protected under federal statutes with the general surgeon’s warnings on their product. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group Functions in Law Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) regulates health-care providers, plans, and program administrators in gathering, storing, and disclosing medical information about individuals this is a well-known privacy protection act passed by Congress. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group is a third party administrator to many health insurance companies like CareFirst (BlueCross BlueSheild), Untied Healthcare, and Aetna. We are required by HIPPA laws to safeguard materials that have protected health information (PHI) readily available. PHI is a person’s name, geographic information, date elements, phone numbers, social security numbers, license numbers, or any medical information. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group are compliant with the HIPPA laws by having internal auditors. Random audits take place during the day and after working hours. The audits are a group of people who inspect any papers left out, check accessibility of PHI. In the event, information has been breached an affidavit is completed and report it to our compliance team for their completion of the violation. Each case is reviewed and depending on the severity of the violation Kelly and Associates Insurance Group, could be penalized or sued. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group have a service bureau payroll division that is working on reporting Affordable Care Act (ACA) hours. And generating reports to ensure their clients are compliant with the ACA requirements. Same-sex domestic partnership has been another law passed by federal and only some states recognize same-sex domestic partnership. The partner’s cost of insurance is considered taxable  and should be included as imputed income to the states that do not recognize same-sex marriages. Tax compliance laws occur in the payroll division as each state and federal regulations vary from their deposits and filing per client. The filing frequency is determined by the amount of reported wages through payroll; however it is always determined by the taxing authority. This information must be provided to the payroll division by the client due to the liability the payroll department could face as each taxing agency charges penalties and interest for late filing or incorrect filing frequencies. Conclusion Law is practiced many times a day by businesses and society. Without laws, the world would have no guidelines to follow. There would be no right, or wrongdoing, and there would be no justice for the people of United States. We are the people, the land of the free; with laws as guidelines to make U.S. a safer place. Laws are being established to better the business transactions and improve society’s quality of life. References: Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. A Manageriel Approach: Theory to Practice. McGraw-Hill Company.

Free Trade Essays -- Economy, Developing Countries

What is free trade? Many American’s have a broad and sometimes-false idea of what free trade actually is. Free trade â€Å"refers to the economic philosophy and practice of reducing barriers such as tariffs, taxes, subsidies and quotas so that raw materials, goods and services can move unhampered across national borders.† (68) Various options have arisen about whether or not free trade benefits developing counties or not. I believe that free trade is not favorable or helpful towards developing counties. Free trade benefits few but not the masses, is in favor of rich companies with large corporations, means a loss of power and political control on a national, regional and local levels of government, as well as allows for child labor and there for loses out economically. Many people here in the United States are not well informed about Free Trade or its drawbacks. By giving people the information and steering them toward a better form of trade such as Fair Trade we could possible help those other counties that are dealing with the effects of free trade. When dealing with free trade the commercial benefits are hard to miss, more choices on cars and products, lower coasts on goods so consumers can by more products and live the good life. (p.68) However, digging deep in to the effects of free trade shows us that that it benefits few but not the masses. For example, the US will benefit from cheap labor and low tariff cost, paying less for more but the workers in the countries where the product is being manufactured will not benefit and neither will the country. (p. 71) By having cheap labor those people cannot afford to buy luxury items or even basic items, which in turn will affect that counties economy. By having youth workers not in sc... ...or those who did have jobs. (p. 95) This is an example of how free trade can be harmful to developing countries. When consumers lose jobs they can no long afford to pay for not just luxury items but basic living expenses that other industry are selling which sends a county into economic tailspin. I propose that rich nations should be more morally accountable for manufacturing companies they have around the world. Places like Wal-Mart and the gap here in the US should be paying workers fair wages, have decent working hours, no children worker under 16, and safe working conditions. U.S companies should follow the laws we have in our own country and abide by them in others. I believe that the government should reward socially responsible companies at first and then create laws here stating that when having companies abroad you must follow the laws we have here.

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

A Comparison Between High-Impedance and Low-Impedance Restricted Earth-Fault Transformer Protection Casper Labuschagne, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Izak van der Merwe, Eskom Enterprises Abstract—Restricted earth-fault (REF) protection on a transformer is a subject for which there has been little attention and, compared to other types of protection, very little literature exists. Depending on the method of transformer earthing and fault location, some transformer earth faults result in only a small increase in phase current, which transformer differential protection may not detect.Conversely, the amount of current in the neutral may be sufficient to detect most or all earth faults, again depending on the earthing method. By connecting an REF relay to CTs installed in correct locations on the transformer, one can use REF protection to complement differential protection in detecting transformer earth faults. Obtaining maximum benefit from REF protection requires tha t one consider many factors, including whether to select high-impedance REF or lowimpedance REF relays. In making this selection, one should understand the theory behind each option.Historically, only high-impedance REF protection was available, because of equipment and technology limitations. Today, numerical protection relays include low-impedance REF elements for transformer protection. Both types of protection have advantages and disadvantages; the relays do not perform equally well in all applications. One key advantage of low-impedance REF protection included in a numerical relay is the ability to use CTs with different ratios and specifications without the need for interposing CTs.One key advantage of high-impedance REF is proven immunity (relay security) to CT saturation for external faults. Key to either type of protection is the ability to provide maximum winding coverage against earth faults. There is also speculation, as yet unsubstantiated, that a high-impedance REF ele ment provides superior sensitivity and coverage against earth faults. This paper summarizes the theory of classical high-impedance REF protection and new low-impedance REF protection.It also discusses issues such as relay sensitivity requirements, transformer fault current distribution, impact of fault location on relay performance (winding coverage), CT requirements, the impact of CT saturation response on REF protection elements, and application considerations for the two protection methods. current changes very little, but large current flows in the neutral conductor [1] [2]. REF takes advantage of the large current in the neutral conductor to provide sensitive and fast protection for transformer faults close to the earth point.REF protection applied to transformers may be referred to as â€Å"unit earth-fault protection,† and the â€Å"restricted† part of the earth-fault protection refers to an area defined between two CTs. Generally, REF protection can be applied in one form or another to all transformer windings, even delta-connected windings (see Delta Winding—NEC/R Earthed). On solidly earthed star windings, we will show that fault coverage is possible from the first turn above the star point, provided the REF element connects to a CT in the transformer neutral.This high winding coverage is possible because the relay operates on the high fault current in the neutral conductor instead of on the small fault current in the phase. On an unearthed star winding or a delta-connected winding without a neutral earthing compensator (NEC), winding coverage is reduced because of the lack of a neutral CT. Unearthed star windings or delta-connected winding installations provide phase CTs only (see Delta Winding—NEC/R Earthed), and the REF element operates on the change in phase current only. II. EARTH-FAULT CURRENT AND IMPACT ON SENSITIVITY A.Earth-Fault Currents in a Transformer for Different Connections When operating from the neutral C T, REF protection provides more sensitive earth-fault protection than does biased current differential protection. However, many setting engineers are uncertain as to the exact increase in sensitivity that REF protection provides. It is therefore necessary to quantify what one means by â€Å"more sensitive. † In the following discussion, we investigate the available fault current for star windings (solidly earthed, impedance earthed, and unearthed) and delta windings. ) Star Winding—Solidly Earthed For a solidly earthed star winding, an earth fault anywhere on the winding is similar to an autotransformer with a fault on the secondary side. Fig. 1 explains the phenomenon. I. INTRODUCTION Power transformers constitute the single most expensive item of primary plant in a substation. To protect this investment properly, transformer protection schemes contain a combination of protection elements, with biased differential protection widely used. Although biased ifferential p rotection provides excellent protection for phase-to-phase and most phase-to-earth winding faults, this element is less sensitive for single-phase-to-earth faults close to the earth point in solidly earthed transformers [1], [2], and [3]. For these faults, phase 2 NS x 14 Current (per unit) x Nc In In 12 10 8 6 4 Neutral Current Phase Current Fig. 1 Solidly Earthed Star-Connected Windings With Earth Fault X Per Unit From the Neutral 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 From Fig. 1, it can be seen that the turns ratio (TR) is as follows: TR = and In N + Ns 1 = c = Ip Nc xDistance of fault from neutral (percent of winding) Fig. 2 Neutral Current vs. Distance From Star Point in a Solidly Earthed HV Star Transformer (1) I n = I p †¢ TR = Ip x (2) Where Nc = the number of turns on the common winding (on the shorted part of the winding) NS = the number of turns on the series winding (on the healthy part of the winding) x = the distance from the neutral (p. u. ) Ip = primary side current In = fault current Therefore, for faults close to the neutral (when x is very small, on the order of 0. 1 p. u. ), the current flowing in the neutral is In = Ip/0. 1 = 10 †¢ Ip.Clearly, the change in neutral current is much greater than the change in phase current. Fig. 2 shows the difference in neutral current and phase current, plotted as a function of the fault distance from the neutral point [1] [2] [3] [4]. This curve was obtained from tests that were performed on a solidly earthed star transformer. (Because results vary for different transformer designs, the authors were unable to locate a formula that accurately describes the theoretical earth-fault current for all transformers). Fig. 2 shows that the neutral current (that also flows through the neutral CT) is always very high, in excess of 5 to 6 p. . For faults closer to the phase terminal of the star winding, there is reduced current contribution from the transformer neutral. Relay sensitivity is still not compromised, be cause the operating current through the relay is the sum of the neutral and phase current, with the phase current now higher than for faults near the neutral. Therefore, in the case of a solidly earthed star winding, relay sensitivity is not a problem for faults near the neutral because there is always sufficient current flowing in the neutral CT and through the relay and varistor to ensure relay operation. ) Star Winding—Resistance Earthed In the case of a resistance-earthed star winding, the relationship between fault location and fault current is linear, and the value of the earthing resistance determines the amount of fault current. From Fig. 1, assuming that the neutral is earthed through a resistor, we can see that the following is true: In = x †¢V 3†¢R (3) Where In = fault current x = the distance from the neutral V = the healthy phase-to-phase voltage R = the value of the earthing resistor Equation 3 presents a linear relationship between the fault location and the neutral current available to operate the relay.For small values of x, In is small and there may not be sufficient current to operate the relay. Therefore, for a resistanceearthed star winding, relay sensitivity is important for faults near the neutral. The value of x where the relay will begin operation is related directly to the relay operating current and the CT characteristics, i. e. , how much magnetizing current the CTs on the healthy phases will require. 3) Delta Winding—NEC/R Earthed In the case of a delta winding, there is always sufficient voltage to drive fault current through the fault and NEC/R.In theory, there is always at least half the phase-to-earth voltage available to drive the fault. This results in sufficient fault current, and relay sensitivity is not an issue [3]. 3 Because delta-connected windings do not have a star point, you can use the so-called balanced earth-fault connection or hybrid REF protection function in cases where the source is on the delta side of the transformer. In this case, the neutral CT is excluded from the circuit and the three-phase CTs are all connected in parallel with the relay element.The zone of protection is still only the delta winding of the transformer. The balanced earth-fault connection may also be applied to an unearthed star winding. III. RESTRICTED EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION THEORY To apply REF protection on star-connected transformers, connect the three-phase CTs in star, and connect this combination to a CT in the neutral leg of the transformer, NER or NEC, as shown in Fig. 3. These CT connections provide a path for the zero-phase sequence currents to circulate in the CTs during external faults, but they force the current through the relay for internal faults.Therefore, the REF relay provides protection for all earth faults that fall in the area between the phase and neutral CTs. Any fault outside this area should be covered by alternative protection functions. Red White Blue IFp Inp Ins Relay Ins Fig. 5 Internal Fault Indicating Operation on a Delta Winding With NEC A hybrid REF protection function may also be applied to a delta winding without an NEC. The hybrid REF excludes the neutral CT from the circuit and the three phase CTs are all connected in parallel with the relay element. This is called a balanced earth-fault connection.The zone of protection is still only the delta winding of the transformer. The hybrid REF function can also be applied to an unearthed star winding. A. High-Impedance REF Relay Element The high-impedance REF relay is normally a currentoperated relay with a resistor in series that provides stabilization. Generally, it may be one of two different types. The first type has internal resistors and has a voltage setting. In this type, the resistors are effectively switched in and out to change the setting and therefore the value of the stabilizing voltage.The second type has an external variable resistor where the setting is calculated in ohms and applied by changing the resistance of the variable resistor. 1) Design Considerations A number of design considerations must be taken into consideration when designing a high-impedance REF scheme. The most important considerations are described here: †¢ The ratio of the phase and neutral CTs must always be the same. †¢ In general, the CTs should have the same saturation characteristics. †¢ The kneepoint voltage must be higher than the stabilization voltage for external faults. The voltage across the relay and CTs (all in parallel) should be kept at safe levels while still being sufficiently high to allow operation of the relay when required. The magnetizing current of the CTs depends on the voltage across it, but too high a voltage results in higher magnetizing current that leads to a less sensitive scheme. †¢ In most cases, a metal oxide varistor (MOV) or surge arrestor is connected across the parallel connection of the CTs and relay to clamp the voltage to a safe limit, without affecting relay operation.The MOV protects the relay against high voltages developed during inzone faults. Sufficient current still flows through the relay to ensure operation [5]. Relay Relay Fig. 3 Basic Design of an REF Function Fig. 4 shows an external earth fault on the star (source) side of a transformer, and Fig. 5 shows an in-zone fault on the delta side of a transformer. Currents are in per unit. In Fig. 4, the zero-sequence infeed for an upstream red phase-to-earth fault circulates between the neutral CT and the red-phase CT, and no operating current can flow through the relay element.In Fig. 5, in the case of the in-zone fault on the delta winding, it is clear that all the fault current flows through the neutral CT (IFp = Inp) and nothing flows in the phase CT. Therefore, the secondary CT current has to flow through the relay element for this element to operate. At this stage, we simplify the scenario by not taking into account the magnetization of the other CTs. Red White Blue IF Relay IF – Inp Inp Ins Inp Inp Ins Fig. 4 ing External Fault Indicating Relay Stability on a Star-Connected Wind- 2) Setting Considerations The high-impedance REF scheme is set such that it is stable for a maximum through fault with one of the CTs completely saturated. Calculate VS, the stabilizing voltage, as follows: Vs = I f max †¢ ( RCT + RL ) n (4) Another important factor in the design of an REF scheme is the minimum allowable knee-point voltage of the phase and neutral CTs. This value is necessary during the design phase of the high-impedance REF scheme to ensure adequately specified CTs.To ensure that the CT does not saturate at the operating voltage, many engineers use a safety factor of 2. The knee-point voltage can be calculated as follows: Where Vs = the stabilizing voltage Ifmax = the maximum through-fault current detectable by the relay RCT = the winding resistance of the CT RL = the total lead resistance of the longest cond uctor between the relay and neutral or phase CTs n = the turns ratio of the CT In cases where the earth-fault current is limited through an NER or NEC/R, use the three-phase fault current as the maximum condition.With all four CTs of the same ratio, we expect the phase CTs (not the neutral CT) to saturate for external faults, because the three-phase fault current is higher than the earth-fault current. Therefore, we can ignore the resistance of the leads between the saturated phase CT and the relay. (The saturated phase CT and the relay are not necessarily near each other, so the lead resistances between them are not negligible). Phase CTs are generally located in close proximity to one another, so lead resistances between these CTs are negligible.VS is the value of the stabilizing voltage across the relay for maximum through-fault current and one saturated CT. The relay setting, Vset, is still unknown. If the voltage applied to the relay exceeds Vset, we expect the relay to operate . The most sensitive setting that can be applied is Vset = VS. Because network parameters change (higher fault current for example), Vset is usually selected higher than VS to allow for a safety margin. To ensure greater stability, one would select relay operating current greater than the sum of the healthy phase CT magnetizing currents at the set voltage.This ensures that the largest part of the secondary side fault current is used for the purpose of operating the relay and that less current is used for magnetizing the CTs on the healthy phases. Any mismatch in CT ratio will result in spill current, part of which will flow through the relay. Spill current cannot be related to current that flows on the primary side and flows on the secondary side. It may, therefore, cause the flow of â€Å"fictitious† current that results from CT inaccuracy.Not all spill current will necessarily flow through the relay; some of the current also flows through CTs (phase and/or neutral) not carr ying primary fault current. Effectively, the spill current flowing through the relay raises the voltage across the relay and CTs, causing more magnetizing current to flow. In the case of a through fault, equilibrium is reached between the voltage, relay current, and magnetizing current. Generally, relay current is far less than the operating current, as explained in the calculation of the stabilizing voltage. Vk = 2 †¢ Vs (5)Where Vk = the kneepoint voltage of the CT Calculate Iop, the minimum primary operating current (primary sensitivity) that causes the relay to operate, as follows: I op = n †¢ ( I R + m †¢ I m + I v ) (6) Where IR = the relay operating current m = the number of CTs needing magnetization (generally three) Im = the magnetizing current at the set voltage (to be obtained from the magnetizing curve test results of the CTs) Iv = the varistor current at Vs [5] From this discussion, it should be clear that the desensitizing factors are the magnetizing cur rent Im and the varistor current Iv.Use Equation 7 to calculate the actual impedance of the REF element. Because Vset is the voltage above which the relay operates, and because the relay resistance is much greater than RCT and RL, you can calculate the relay resistance as follows: RR = Vset IR (7) Where RR = the relay resistance Vset and IR are as defined above To verify correct calculation of operating current, it is possible to calculate the voltage across the relay for a specific inzone fault current. If the voltage is above the set voltage, consider this as confirmation that the relay will operate.You can calculate the operating voltage as follows: (8) n Because the relay is set to be stable under conditions where one CT saturates, it needs no additional time delays to improve security or its operation. B. Low-Impedance REF Relay Element Low-impedance REF protection is provided with new numerical or microprocessor-based protection relays. Generally, relay manufacturers employ di fferent methods to provide REF protection. In most cases, operation of the low-impedance REF protection is based on the fundamental current, after filtering removes all harmonic currents [3]. Vop = ( I op ? †¢ n †¢ I m ? I v ) †¢ ( RCT + RL + RR ) 5 The most important difference between classical highimpedance REF protection and new low-impedance REF protection is the input impedance. As with all numerical relays, the input impedance of the low-impedance REF is very low compared to high-impedance relays. For example, a lowimpedance relay typically has an input impedance of 0. 1 VA. At 1 A nominal rating, this computes to 0. 1 W. On the other hand, for a high-impedance REF relay with a voltage setting of 100 V and a 20 mA operating current, the input impedance is 5 kW. This is a significant difference.Low-impedance REF protection does not have the same inherent stability against CT saturation for external faults as does high-impedance REF protection. A second significa nt difference is that the operating current of the low-impedance REF protection is not realized by CT connection. With low-impedance REF, the relay measures all four CTs necessary to realize the element. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the wiring and CT connections of the low-impedance REF elements. Fig. 6 shows the fault currents for an external fault on the primary star-connected side of a transformer, and Fig. shows an external fault on the secondary deltaconnected side of the transformer. Inp Red White Blue Ins IF + A Red White Blue Ins + A Inp Ins + Fault IF + B + C N Ins Inp IF – Inp Inp Fig. 8 Low-Impedance REF Connections With Internal Earth Fault on a Star-Connected Winding Red White Blue + + C B A IF Fault IF Ins N Ins Fig. 9 Low-Impedance REF Connections With Internal Earth Fault on a Delta-Connected Winding With NEC + B + C + IF – Inp Inp Fault Location B N Ins Inp Fig. 6 Low-Impedance REF Connections With External Earth Fault on a Star-Connected WindingA very impor tant advantage of low-impedance REF protection is the fact that the CT ratios for the phase CTs and neutral CTs do not have to be the same. Most low-impedance REF relays use an operating and a restraint current. The difference between different relays from different manufacturers lies in the way these relays determine the restraint quantities and in the CT saturation detection algorithm of each relay. Note that, in the case of low-impedance REF protection, there is no inherent immunity to CT saturation, as is the case with high-impedance REF protection.The following different methods are used to determine the restraint and operating current: Use of the residual current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic as the restraint current and the differential current Id = Ia + Ib + Ic – In as the operating current. (9) 2. Use of the residual current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic as the operating current and the neutral current In as the restraint current. (10) From Fig. 7, it may be seen that Ia = Ib = 0 for a blue -phase out-of-zone fault on the delta side of the transformer. From this, it is clear that |Ic| = |IF| = |Ins|.From Equation 9 above, one can see that the differential current can be defined as follows: Id = Ia + Ib + Ic – In = 0 + 0 +(–Ins) – (–Ins) = 0 and Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic = –Ins This shows clearly that there is restraint current but no differential or operating current for an external fault. From Equation 9 it can be shown that the following relationships are true: Id = Ins and Ir = 0 1. Ins C + B + A Ins IF N IF Fault Location Fig. 7 Low-Impedance REF Connections With External Earth Fault on a Delta-Connected Winding With NEC Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show the same relay and CT connections for a low-impedance REF relay.They also show the current flow for in-zone faults on the primary star-connected and secondary delta-connected sides of the transformer, respectively. 6 This means that, while there is a large amount of differential or operating current , there is no restraining current. This can be shown similarly for in-zone and external faults on the star side of the transformer. Because of the nature of the protection, classical lowimpedance REF protection cannot be used as a balanced earthfault protection on an unearthed transformer or on a transformer with only three phase CTs and no neutral CT.In short, it is because the low-impedance REF protection requires a restraint and an operating current, at least one of which is also derived from the neutral CT. When a neutral CT is not provided, a low-impedance REF protection cannot be used to protect an unearthed transformer. However, most numerical relays provide a number of protection elements for each winding. To realize balanced earth-fault protection on an unearthed star-connected transformer or a delta-connected transformer, connect the CTs as explained under Delta Winding—NEC/R Earthed, and associate the CT input with an earth-fault element in the relay. ) Design Cons iderations Because of the inherently unstable nature of the lowimpedance REF element, it may misoperate during external faults, especially in the case of faults not involving earth as phase-to-phase and three-phase faults, when one of the phase CTs saturates. Various manufacturers of REF protection relays have each developed additional supervision elements to improve security during external faults while improving sensitivity during in-zone faults. All these relays scale the CT ratios automatically between the phase and neutral CTs to compare the different values on an equal basis. ) Product A [6] [7] This relay makes use of the direction change of the operating current for in-zone and external faults. It derives a zerosequence operating current from the phase CTs (Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic) and a polarizing current from the neutral CT (In). It then compares the direction of operating (Ir) and polarizing (In) currents. CT saturation logic is necessary to determine whether any existing zero- sequence operating current is from saturation of one or more CTs during a three-phase fault, or from an actual earth fault. CT saturation detection comes from a positivesequence restraint factor supervising the REF operation.The relay compares the positive-sequence current multiplied by the positive-sequence restraint factor (generally set to approximately 0. 1) with the zero-sequence operating current. For earth faults, the positive-sequence and zero-sequence currents are equal, so the result of this comparison will always be a logical 0, indicating no CT saturation. If zero-sequence exists as a result of CT saturation, CT saturation detection asserts whenever the ratio of zero-sequence to positive-sequence current is less than the positive-sequence restraint factor.Using the reasoning that current must flow in the transformer neutral for an earth fault, the relay enables the REF element only if the neutral current exceeds a threshold. Supervising the REF element with the neutral c urrent provides additional security against zero-sequence current in the line CTs resulting from CT saturation. Therefore, the relay enables the REF element only if the line CTs measure zero-sequence current and if the current in the neutral CT exceeds a pickup setting. The zero-sequence current pickup setting is therefore also the relay sensitivity.The zero-sequence pickup must be set higher than any natural zero-sequence current caused by load, CT mismatch/spill current, or any other unbalance. The minimum operating current of the relay is 5 percent of rated current (In). The directional element then compares the operating (residual phase current) and polarizing (neutral) currents and indicates a forward or reverse direction. A forward direction indication is for an in-zone fault, and a reverse direction is for an external fault.The fault is said to be in-zone when the residual and neutral currents are in phase; it is reversed if the residual and neutral currents are 180 ° out o f phase. b) Product B The basic principle of operation for this relay is to compare the residual (restraint) current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic with the differential current Id = Ia + Ib + Ic – In, Where Ia, Ib, and Ic = the respective phase currents the neutral current flowing in the transIn = former as a result of the fault The relay compensates internally for the difference in CT ratios between phase and neutral CTs.In addition, the relay has a biased differential characteristic that you can set in such a way that the relay is desensitized for big differences in CT specifications and subsequent quiescent spill current under normal load conditions. In this case, the relay achieves stability for a through fault by increasing the restraint current when it detects a fault. The bias setting should still be set as sensitive as possible to ensure relay operation for most faults. The biased differential characteristic of this relay has a fixed slope of 1. 05 p. u. The relay will trip if 1) Id / Ir exceeds 1. 5 and 2) Id exceeds the Id pickup or threshold setting. The purpose of the restraint function is to compensate for CT errors and mismatches and to ensure stability during maximum through-fault conditions. The latter may cause CT saturation, and the bias characteristic provides additional stability against CT saturation. The relay has a minimum operating current of 5 percent of nominal current, or 0. 05 In. c) Product C [8] Similarly to Product A above, this relay uses the residual current calculated from the three phase CTs where Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic and the neutral current In for the REF protection.During an in-zone fault, neutral current will always flow irrespective of the transformer winding connection and earthing arrangement. The residual current depends on the transformer winding connection and earthing arrangement. In this case, if residual current exists, it will be in phase with the neutral current. During an external fault, the neutral and residual curren ts will be equal in magnitude and 180 ° out of phase. The relay uses In only as the operating current, and this current is always present during an in-zone fault. The relay pro- 7 ides a stabilizing method for CT saturation for through faults. Both the current magnitude and phase of the residual and neutral currents stabilize the REF protection. The stabilizing or restraint current is defined as follows: I res = k †¢ (| 3I n ? 3I r | ? | 3I n + 3I r |) (11) Where k = a stabilization factor In and Ir are as defined previously An examination of Equation 11 for both internal and external faults reveals that there is no effective restraint for internal faults because the value of restraint is always negative for internal faults.Therefore, the relay has maximum sensitivity, and small earth-fault currents can cause tripping of REF protection. The restraint for external faults is always positive and larger than the operating current, if the operating and restraint quantities are eit her in phase or 180 ° out of phase. During CT saturation, these angles may be different, resulting in reduced restraint for external faults. To prevent reduction of restraint, the relay calculates the angle between the operating and restraint quantities and then allows operation for a certain angle range and blocks operation for another angle range.For this specific relay, the angle is fixed at 110 °. No operation is possible if the angle between the operating and restraint quantities is greater than 110 °, irrespective of any other values of operating and restraint current magnitude. The stabilizing factor (k) is equal to 2 and is fixed. The relay provides further supervision by comparing the neutral current with the sum of the magnitudes of the three phase currents and the neutral current. The relay provides a settable pickup and slope and allows tripping above the characteristic.The relay has a minimum operating current of 5 percent of nominal current, or 0. 05 In. d) Produ ct D [9] The supplier markets this product as an â€Å"earth differential function† with an additional directional check. The relay, therefore, uses a typical biased differential earth-fault characteristic supervised by a directional element. The relay calculates the bias and differential current, where the differential current is the vector difference between the neutral current (measured by the neutral CT) and the residual current where Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic.The bias current is the highest of the three phase currents and the neutral current. The relay has a base sensitivity range of 5 percent (maximum sensitivity) to 50 percent (minimum sensitivity) for the differential current. This sensitivity value is valid from 0 to 1. 25 p. u. bias current. The bias characteristic has two slopes. The first slope is fixed at 70 percent, and the second is fixed at 100 percent. The first slope is valid from 1. 25 p. u. to a point corresponding to a 1 p. u. differential current. The second slo pe is valid beyond 1. 25 p. u.The directional element uses the neutral current as a reference because direction for this current is always the same for both in-zone and external faults. The relay compares the residual current with the neutral current in the vector plane. For an internal fault, the residual and neutral currents are out of phase. For an external fault, the residual and neutral currents are in phase. For the directional element, the relay compares the second harmonic current in the neutral CT with the fundamental component. If the second harmonic current is greater than a pre-set value, the REF element is disabled.This is a form of second harmonic blocking that provides additional security against operation during inrush but increased dependability during inzone faults. The relay has a minimum operating current of 5 percent of nominal current, or 0. 05 In. e) Product E [10] This relay calculates the differential current as Id = Ia + Ib + Ic + In and the residual curren t as Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic. Restraining current is the maximum of the positive-sequence, negativesequence, or zero-sequence current in the residual current. During external faults, the zero-sequence component of the residual current provides maximum restraint.The relay calculates the zero-sequence component as the amplitude of the vector difference between the neutral and residual current. During an external fault, the neutral and residual currents are in phase, so the resulting bias will be twice the neutral current. For an in-zone fault, the residual and neutral currents are out of phase so the restraint will be less than the neutral current. As previously stated, an external phase-to-phase fault can cause misoperation because of CT saturation. The negativesequence restraining quantity provides maximum restraint during such an external phase-to-phase fault.This relay uses a method where the level of restraint increases after a number of cycles. This method ensures the most sensitive r elay operation upon energization of a faulty transformer. When the restraint increases, security improves for external faults. The positive-sequence restraining quantity is intended to provide maximum restraint during symmetrical conditions such as three-phase faults and load. The relay uses a complicated algorithm to determine the value of the positive restraint component. Discussion of this algorithm is beyond the scope of this paper.The relay has a conventional bias characteristic with a pickup setting and slope setting. Both settings can be modified. 2) Setting Considerations for Maximum Sensitivity Some product-specific setting considerations have been discussed previously in this paper. Most relays have a minimum pickup level of 50 mA. Although all low-impedance REF relays this paper discusses have additional supervision for improved security, many manufacturers recommend a pickup setting greater than the steady-state neutral current resulting from load unbalance (quiescent ze ro-sequence current).This ensures that the relay picks up for actual faults, not for load unbalance. This practice reduces scheme sensitivity, because a greater operating current setting increases the minimum primary operating current. In cases where a biased earth differential protection is provided, the bias setting serves mainly to prevent the relay from operating for external faults resulting from CT saturation and other lesser important factors. These characteristics are fairly 8 fixed, and security against operation for external faults is almost guaranteed. IV.SENSITIVITY ISSUES This paper stated previously that relay sensitivity is not of great concern for faults on either solidly earthed star windings or impedance-earthed delta windings. There is always sufficient current to drive the operating element of the relay to ensure operation. Factors affecting REF scheme sensitivity are CT quality or specification, the magnetizing current the healthy phase CTs draw during a fault, the relay operating current, and the resistance earthing of the star-connected transformer. CT performance impacts greatly the sensitivity of the REF element.Lesser-quality CTs can make low-impedance REF protection more sensitive, because the operating voltage is lower and the CTs on the healthy phases draw less magnetizing current. Equation 6 provides relay sensitivity for both highimpedance and low-impedance REF, with slight variations between the two. The equation is valid for the high-impedance REF sensitivity calculation. In the case of low-impedance REF sensitivity, the varistor current is excluded and the relay does not have an operating voltage. Therefore, the magnetizing current is not the current the healthy phase CTs would draw at the operating voltage.A voltage equal to the sum of the lead and relay resistances multiplied by the fault current would appear across the healthy CTs. The magnetizing current of all CTs at this voltage should be added to the relay operating cur rent to determine the relay sensitivity. The lowimpedance REF measuring element will develop a much lower voltage across the healthy CTs and the magnetizing current necessary for those CTs will be substantially less than for the high-impedance REF case. Although the low-impedance REF relay minimum operating current is as much as 50 mA, the reduction in magnetizing current compensates for the greater pickup threshold.For example, assume that the CTs in a high-impedance REF scheme draw 15 mA magnetizing current at the operating voltage, and the relay operating current is 20 mA. It follows then that the total secondary current should be 4 †¢ 15 + 20 = 80 mA. The corresponding primary current must drive sufficient operating current through the relay to produce the magnetizing current necessary for the CTs to operate the relay. With a 200/1 CT ratio (impedance-earthed transformer), there is an implied minimum primary operating current of 16 A.For a typical 355 A NER, the only part o f the winding that is not covered, assuming zero fault resistance, is the bottom 16 / 355 †¢ 100 = 4. 5 percent. Taking the same example, assume that the CTs in a lowimpedance scheme draw only 2 mA magnetizing current because of the lower voltage across the CTs and the relay draws 50 mA. It follows then that the total secondary current should be 4 †¢ 2 + 50 = 58 mA. With the same CT ratio and NER as in the previous example, the minimum primary operating current is 11. 6 A. Clearly, the low-impedance REF function is more sensitive in this case. However, if the CTs used with the high- mpedance REF were of better quality and the magnetizing current were also 2 mA, the high-impedance REF relay would be more sensitive. In this case, (assuming zero fault resistance) the bottom 11. 6 / 355 †¢ 100 = 3. 3 percent of the winding is not covered. The transformer protection philosophy [11] of Eskom Distribution Division requires that the REF sensitivity for resistance-earthed star -connected windings be such that it can be set to pick up for faults between 10 percent and 25 percent of the maximum available earth-fault current for an earth fault on the transformer terminals.With this in mind, one can perform the necessary calculations to determine an adequate CT ratio and whether to apply high-impedance or low-impedance REF protection. As a general rule of thumb for high-impedance REF protection, the relay operating current should be greater than the sum of the CT magnetizing currents at the set voltage, i. e. , more fault current should be used to operate the relay than to magnetize the CTs on the healthy phases. This generally ensures greater stability. V. APPLICATION ASPECTS As we concluded previously, sensitivity becomes a concern only on resistance-earthed star windings.It is only in this case that the application of high-impedance vs. low-impedance REF protection must be considered. There are two important factors that may influence the decision. A. The Quality and Specification of the Available CTs Good-quality CTs with a very steep and linear magnetizing curve indicate CTs that require very little magnetizing current throughout most of the operating range. Poor-quality CTs require more magnetizing current. Perform calculations according to the specific CTs in use for a specific installation to determine the suitability of high-impedance vs. ow-impedance REF protection for the application. Perform this calculation as described under sensitivity issues. B. The Availability of Matching CT Ratios If the existing equipment is of such a nature that the same ratios are not available for both phase and neutral CTs, you should use low-impedance REF protection, because this type of protection can handle different CT ratios for phase and neutral CTs. However, if the same ratios are available for both phase and neutral CTs, further investigation should reveal whether high-impedance or low-impedance REF is the most suitable for the applicatio n.VI. CONCLUSIONS There is a general belief among many engineers that the fault current for faults close to the neutral point of a starconnected transformer is very small and insufficient to operate the REF protection. This is true only for resistance-earthed star-connected transformers. This paper makes no ruling on whether low-impedance or high-impedance REF protection is the better method, but it 9 provides the information and methods for choosing the more appropriate relay for a particular application.REF scheme sensitivity is a problem only on star windings with resistance earthing, because the fault current is a function of fault position, phase-to-neutral voltage, and earthing resistance value. For faults close to neutral, the fault current is very small. The relay operating current and CT magnetizing current are important in determining the winding coverage. In cases where there is always sufficient fault current to operate the REF relay, the choice between high-impedance an d low-impedance REF is not important.Issues such as available CT ratios for the phase and neutral CTs may dictate the choice. For poor-quality CTs that require larger magnetizing current than a better-quality CT at the same voltage, the lowimpedance REF element is more sensitive. Where you use good-quality CTs, however, the high-impedance REF relay is more sensitive. VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank the following persons for their valuable contributions: Paul Gerber for his sensitivity calculations. Mike Everton for various discussions on the topic. Veronica van Zweel for the drawings.VIII. REFERENCES GEC Alsthom Measurements Limited, Protective Relays Application Guide, 3rd edition, 1990. [2] D. Robertson, ed. Power System Protection Reference Manual, Reyrolle Protection, Chapter 6, Stockfield: Oriel Press. [3] P. Bertrand, B. Gotzig, and C. Vollet, â€Å"Low Impedance Restricted Earth Fault Protection,† in Developments in Power System Protection, Conference P ublication No. 479, IEE, 2001. [4] SEL-387 Relay Training, Restricted Earth Fault Protection, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Inc. , Rev 0. 0, July 2001. [5] P. E.Sutherland, PE (SM), â€Å"Application of Transformer Ground Differential Protection Relays,† presented at the Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, Sparks, NV, 1999. [6] A. Guzman and L. S. Anderson, â€Å"Restricted Earth Fault Protection for Auto-Transformers Using a Directional Element. † Available at www. selinc. com [7] SEL-387-0, -5, -6 Instruction Manual, Current Differential Relay, Overcurrent Relay, Data Recorder, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Date Code 20040628. [8] SIPROTEC, Differential Protection Manual, 7UT612, V4. , C53000– G1176–C148–1, Siemens. [9] Application Manual, ProtectIT Transformer Protection Terminal, RET521*2. 5, 1MRK 504 037-UEN, ABB. [10] T60 Transformer Management Relay, UR Series Instruction Manual, T60 Revision 4. 0x, Man ual P/N: 1601-0090-G1 (GEK-106490), GE Multilin, 2004 [11] P. A. Gerber, SCSAGAAG0 Rev 3, Transformer Protection Philosophy, Eskom Distribution Division, 2001. [12] Mini APPS Course (Analysis & Protection of Power Systems), vol 1, Section 9, Transformer Protection, 25 February to 1 March 1996. 1] Protection Field Engineer. He is currently a Chief Engineer: Protection Specialist in Resources and Strategy, a Corporate Division of Eskom Holdings Limited. He is responsible for Distribution Division National Contracts for protection schemes and equipment, general protection technology direction setting and technology management, and the implementation of Distribution Automation and Substation Automation in Eskom’s Distribution Division.He has authored a number of protection and substation automation related papers. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in South Africa. Casper Labuschagne earned his Diploma (1981) and Masters Diploma (1991) in Electrical Engineering from Vaal Tr iangle Technicon, South Africa. After gaining 20 years of experience with the South African utility Eskom, where he served as Senior Advisor in the protection design department, he began work at SEL in 1999 as a Product Engineer in the Substation Equipment Engineering group.Presently, he is Lead Engineer in the Research and Development group. He is registered as a Professional Technologist with ECSA, the Engineering Counsel of South Africa, and has authored and coauthored several technical papers. IX. BIOGRAPHIES Izak van der Merwe obtained his B. Eng (Electrical) degree from the University of Stellenbosch in 1991. He started to work for Eskom in 1993 as a  © 2005, 2007 by Eskom Enterprises and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. 20070711 †¢ TP6207-01